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\u7279\u5229\u65af\u8aaa\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u8fd1\u5e7e\u500b\u6708\u4ee5\u4f86\u5728\u5be6\u63a7\u7dda\u4e00\u5e36\u4fee\u5efa\u516c\u8def\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u4e0d\u6eff\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u55ae\u65b9\u9762\u6539\u8b8a\u73fe\u72c0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7279\u5229\u65af\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b9\u60f3\u91cd\u65b0\u78ba\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9e\u6d32\u5730\u5340\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7b49\u7d1a\u9806\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u500b\u7b49\u7d1a\u9806\u5e8f\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u8655\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u9802\u5c64\uff0c\u800c\u5370\u5ea6\u61c9\u8a72\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u77f3\u4e8c\u9ce5\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5ec9\u50f9\u751a\u81f3\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u514d\u8cbb\u7372\u5f97\u9818\u571f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u8feb\u4f7f\u5370\u5ea6\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u7684\u73fe\u72c0\u3002\u9019\u5c07\u662f\u6050\u5687\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4fae\u8fb1\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6848\u4f8b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

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\u65e5\u672c\u795e\u6236\u5927\u5b78\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u84d1\u539f\u4fca\u6d0b\uff08Tosh Minahara\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u8a8d\u70ba\u5370\u5ea6\u8ecd\u529b\u6bd4\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u50cf\u64bf\u67ff\u5b50\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5c08\u6311\u8edf\u7684\u634f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u8ecd\u4e8b\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u76f8\u63d0\u4e26\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u76e4\u7b97\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u53bb\u62ff\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5370\u5ea6\u8ecd\u968a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7d44\u7e54\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u9818\u5c0e\u7121\u65b9\u3002\u300d\u9019\u4f4d\u7814\u7a76\u570b\u969b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u65e5\u88d4\u7f8e\u570b\u6559\u6388\u65e5\u524d\u5728\u54c8\u5fb7\u905c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8209\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u8996\u983b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6703\u4e0a\u8aaa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u570b\u4e0d\u5c11\u7db2\u53cb\u548c\u8ecd\u4e8b\u8a55\u8ad6\u4eba\u58eb\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c 1962 \u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u908a\u754c\u6230\u722d\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u7d66\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6559\u8a13\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\u7684\u908a\u754c\u885d\u7a81\u4e5f\u662f\u7d66\u5370\u5ea6\u4e00\u500b\u6559\u8a13\u3002<\/p>\n

\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u89e3\u653e\u8ecd\u570b\u9632\u5927\u5b78\u6230\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u9577\u3001\u300a\u4e00\u5357\u8ecd\u4e8b\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u6301\u4eba\u91d1\u4e00\u5357\u5c11\u5c07\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u5370\u908a\u754c\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7bc0\u76ee\u4e2d\u8aaa\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u8fd1\u6562\u65bc\u540c\u6642\u8207\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u3001\u5c3c\u6cca\u723e\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u767c\u751f\u908a\u754c\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u4e9e\u9019\u500b\u5730\u5340\u5b83\u662f\u8001\u5927\uff0c\u8ab0\u62ff\u5b83\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u91d1\u4e00\u5357\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u6240\u4ee5\u8aaa\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\uff0c\u6211\u8ecd\u5728\u52a0\u52d2\u842c\u6cb3\u8c37\u7d66\u5370\u5ea6\u4e00\u500b\u6559\u8a13\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5370\u5ea6\u57f7\u653f\u8005\u6e05\u9192\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u975e\u5e38\u597d\uff0c\u5236\u6b62\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u5192\u96aa\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u570b\u5b98\u5a92\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u5831\u300b\u6d77\u5916\u7248\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u773e\u865f\u300c\u4fe0\u5ba2\u5cf6\u300d\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u4e2d\u5370\u908a\u5883\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u8981\u4e0d\u8981\u72e0\u72e0\u7684\u7d66\u5370\u5ea6\u4e00\u500b\u6559\u8a13\uff1f\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6230\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\u683c\u96f7\u5384\u59c6\uff08Euan Graham\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u7fd2\u8fd1\u5e73\u5728\u559c\u99ac\u62c9\u96c5\u908a\u754c\u524d\u6cbf\u5730\u5e36\u5c0d\u5370\u5ea6\u4fdd\u6301\u7d93\u904e\u7cbe\u5fc3\u6838\u7b97\u7684\u8ecd\u4e8b\u58d3\u529b\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7d66\u5370\u5ea6\u704c\u8f38\u4e00\u7a2e\u88ab\u52d5\u9632\u79a6\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u4f7f\u5370\u5ea6\u6c38\u9060\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6230\u7565\u98a8\u96aa\u800c\u9650\u5236\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u7de3\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u8a8d\u540c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5317\u4eac\u91dd\u5c0d\u5370\u5ea6\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u662f\u60f3\u518d\u6b21\u7d66\u5370\u5ea6\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6559\u8a13\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u65b0\u5fb7\u91cc\u62d2\u7d55\u53c3\u52a0\u7fd2\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u300c\u4e00\u5e36\u4e00\u8def\u300d\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u6b63\u5728\u6df1\u5316\u8207\u7f8e\u570b\u53ca\u5176\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u9019\u90fd\u6703\u7d66\u7fd2\u8fd1\u5e73\u628a\u4e2d\u570b\u7f6e\u65bc\u6b50\u4e9e\u5927\u9678\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u4f9b\u61c9\u93c8\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\u58ef\u5fd7\u5f62\u6210\u969c\u7919\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300c\u5c31\u50cf\u6bdb\u6642\u4ee3\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u559c\u99ac\u62c9\u96c5\u5730\u5340\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52d5\u6a5f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u8aaa\u6559\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u8003\u616e\u5230\u7fd2\u8fd1\u5e73\u5c0d\u6bdb\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u907a\u7522\u7684\u8a8d\u53ef\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u8a31\u4e0d\u662f\u5de7\u5408\u3002\u300d\u683c\u96f7\u5384\u59c6\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u5206\u6790\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8aaa\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5361\u5167\u57fa\u570b\u969b\u548c\u5e73\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7684\u7279\u5229\u65af\u8aaa\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c0d\u9019\u6b21\u908a\u754c\u81f4\u547d\u6469\u64e6\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u4f7f\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u9858\u671b\u843d\u7a7a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u767c\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u865f\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u4e0d\u6703\u6efe\u5230\u4e00\u908a\u88dd\u6b7b\u3002\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u767c\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6975\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u865f\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u70ba\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u70ba\u4e86\u5370\u592a\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u9019\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u95dc\u6ce8\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u50cf\u5207\u9999\u8178\u90a3\u6a23\u4e00\u7247\u4e00\u7247\u7684\u5207\u6389\u4e00\u584a\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f8c\u679c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7528\u627f\u64d4\u3002\u300d\u7279\u5229\u65af\u8aaa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u5370\u5ea6\u99d0\u83ef\u5927\u4f7f\u73ed\u6d69\u7136\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u963b\u6b62\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u5be6\u63a7\u7dda\u4e00\u908a\u4fee\u8def\u9084\u662f\u8b66\u544a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8981\u8207\u7f8e\u570b\u6216\u662f\u56db\u65b9\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u570b\u5bb6\u641e\u5f97\u5f88\u8fd1\uff0c\u5176\u7d50\u679c\u90fd\u9069\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\u5371\u6a5f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u6703\u671d\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5373\u5370\u5ea6\u5c07\u5f37\u5316\u8207\u7f8e\u570b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u5be6\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u9ede\u6230\u8853\u4e0a\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u6230\u7565\u4e0a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9084\u66fe\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u5370\u5ea6\u99d0\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u548c\u4e0d\u4e39\u5927\u4f7f\u7684\u73ed\u6d69\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u662f\u4e2d\u5370\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u62d0\u9ede\uff0c\u4f7f\u5370\u5ea6\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u5b83\u5fc5\u9808\u91cd\u65b0\u8a55\u4f30\u4e26\u8abf\u6574\u5b83\u61c9\u8207\u5317\u4eac\u767c\u5c55\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n

1962 \u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u908a\u754c\u6230\u722d\u7d66\u96d9\u908a\u95dc\u4fc2\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u6230\u722d\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u5370\u96d6\u672a\u65b7\u4ea4\uff0c\u4f46\u96d9\u65b9\u64a4\u56de\u4e86\u5927\u4f7f\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u65b7\u7d55\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u4f86\u5f80\u3002\u5169\u570b\u76f4\u5230 1976 \u5e74\u624d\u6062\u5fa9\u4e92\u6d3e\u5927\u4f7f\uff0c 1977 \u5e74\u6062\u5fa9\u76f4\u63a5\u8cbf\u6613\u548c\u4eba\u54e1\u4e92\u8a2a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u5c07\u91cd\u65b0\u5be9\u8996\u5168\u7403\u8ecd\u529b\u90e8\u7f72\uff0c\u6297\u8861\u4e2d\u5171\u91ce\u5fc3<\/h2>\n

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